1 The Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients, adopted by the APA Council of Representatives. (2012, January). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/guidelines.aspx
2 The Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. (2007, March). Retrieved from http://www.yogyakartaprinciples.org/principles_en.htm
3 ibid.
4 The Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients, adopted by the APA Council of Representatives. (2012, January). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/guidelines.aspx
5 Holmes, M. (Ed.). (2009). Critical Intersex. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.
6 Koyama, E. (Ed.). (2003). Teaching Intersex Issues: A guide for teachers in women’s, gender and queer studies. Portland, OR: Intersex Initiative Portland. Retrieved from http://www.intersexinitiative.org/publications/pdf/teaching-intersex.pdf
7 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (2015, September 15). Opening Statement by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein at the 30th session of the Human Rights Council. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=16414&LangID=E
8 The concept of “sex characteristics” was first legally defined in Malta’s Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act (2015). From Act XI of 2015, as amended by Act XX of 2015 in Chapter 540, Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act. 2015, April 14. Retrieved from http://justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lom&itemid=12312&l=1
9 Trans* refers to a person whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth.
10 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2015). Fact Sheet: Intersex. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Discrimination/LGBT/FactSheets/UNFE_FactSheet_Intersex_EN.pdf
11 Hiort, O. (2013, June). Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium of Disorders of Sex Development. Retrieved from http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_279274_en.pdf
12 Machado, P.S. (2008). Intersexuality and the “Chicago Consensus”: the vicissitudes of nomenclature and their regulatory implications. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, 4(se).
13 Intersex infanticides have been reported and discussed by a number of intersex advocates and scholars, and is recognized as a pressing issue for the international movement. Ethnographic and historical research has brought to light such practices, particularly in rural areas across the world. Sally Gross and Dan Christian Ghattas are amongst those who discussed infanticide within South Africa and broader contexts, respectively. Ghattas, D.C. (2013, October). Human Rights between the Sexes: A preliminary study on the situations of inter* individuals. Berlin: Heinrich-Boll Stiftung, Volume 34 of the Publication Series on Democracy; Gross, S. (2013, March 12). Not in God’s Image: Intersex, Social Death and Infanticide. University of Manchester: Lincoln Theological Institute.
14 Ghattas, D.C. (2013, October). Human Rights between the Sexes: A preliminary study on the situations of inter* individuals. Berlin: Heinrich-Boll Stiftung; Carpenter, M. (2014). Submission on the ethics of genetic selection against intersex traits. Retrieved from https://oii.org.au/25621/submission- ethics-genetic-selection-intersex-traits/; Sparrow, R. (2013). Gender eugenics? The ethics of PGD for intersex conditions, American Journal of Bioethics. Vol. 13 (No. 10), pp. 29-38; Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE). (2011). Resolution 1829: “Prenatal sex selection”; Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights. (2014, January 15). Sex-selective abortions are discriminatory and should be banned; Council of Europe Committee of Ministers. (2002). Recommendation Rec 5 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the protection of women against violence.
15 Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the Body. New York, NY: Basic Books. The background analysis was published by Blackless et al in the American Journal of Human Biology in 2000. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291520-6300%28200003/04%2912:2%3C151::AID-AJHB1%3E3.0.CO;2-F/abstract
16 Memoria del Instituto para Activistas Trans e Intersex. (2005). Retrieved from https://www.outrightinternational.org/sites/default/files/366-1.pdf
17 Senate Community Affairs Committee Secretariat. (2013) Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia. Retrieved from http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Involuntary_Sterilisation/Sec_Report/index
18 ILGA is the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, a global federation of LGBTIQ organizations, which was established in 1978. About Us – ILGA. (2013). Retrieved from http://ilga.org/about-us/
19 Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights. (2015, May 12). Human Rights and Intersex People. Retrieved from https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?p=&Ref=CommDH/IssuePaper(2015)1&Language=lanAll&Ver=original& direct=true
Viloria, Hida. (2012). “Open Letter: A call for the inclusion of human rights for intersex people”. Presented at the 2nd International Intersex Forum of ILGA and ILGA-Europe. http://www.ilga-europe.org/sites/default/files/hrd_2012_-_intersex_forum_-_un_navil_pillay_letter_2012.pdf
OII-USA. (December 10, 2012). “Open Letter to the UN OHCHR: 1st global call by & for human rights for intersex people!” http://oii-usa.org/3433/open-letter-to-the-un-the-1st-global-call-for-human-rights-for-intersex-people/
20 European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2015, May). The fundamental rights situation of intersex people. Vienna: FRA.
21 Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2011, November 17). Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Discrimination/A.HRC.19.41_English.pdf
22 UN Human Rights Council. (2013, February 1). Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Juan E. Méndez. A/HRC/22/53. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A.HRC.22.53_English.pdf?utm_s; Zwischengeschlecht.org. (2014). Intersex genital mutilations: human rights violations of children with variations of sex anatomy: NGO report to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th periodic report of Switzerland on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Retrieved from http://intersex.shadowreport.org/public/2014-CRC-Swiss-NGO-Zwischengeschlecht-Intersex-IGM_v2.pdf
23 World Health Organization. (2015). Sexual health, human rights and the law. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/175556/1/9789241564984_eng.pdf
24 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (2013, February 1). Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Juan E. Méndez. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A.HRC.22.53_English.pdf?utm_ source=AIC+mailing+list&utm_campaign=0940e5a7fc- &utm_medium=email
25 Senate Community Affairs Committee Secretariat. (2013). Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia. Retrieved from http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Involuntary_Sterilisation/Sec_Report/index
26 Organisation Intersex International Australia Limited. (2015, September 13). Submission on the Review of Part B of the Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Clinical Practice and Research, 2007. Retrieved from https://oii.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/OII-Australia-PGT-2015.pdf
27 Ghattas, D.C. (2013, October). Human Rights between the Sexes: A preliminary study on the situations of inter* individuals. Berlin: Heinrich-Boll Stiftung. Retrieved from https://www.boell.de/en/2013/10/21/human-rights-between-sexes
28 UNDP, USAID. (2014). Being LGBT in Asia: China Country Report. Bangkok. Retrieved from http://www.asia-pacific.undp.org/content/dam/rbap/docs/Research%20&%20Publications/hiv_aids/rbap-hhd-2014-blia-china-country-report.pdf
29 Organisation Intersex International Australia Limited. (2012, December 9). Submission on the proposed federal Human Rights and Anti-Discrimination Bill. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/csw52/statements_missions/Interagency_Statement_on_Eliminating_FGM.pdf
30 Schneider, Erik. (2013, November). An insight into respect for the rights of trans and intersex children in Europe. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168047f2a7
31 Fénichel, P. et al. (2013). Molecular Diagnosis of 5α‐ Reductase Deficiency in 4 Elite Young Female Athletes Through Hormonal Screening for Hyperandrogenism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98 (no. 6). Retrieved from http://press.endocrine.org/doi/full/10.1210/jc.2012-3893
32 Jordan-Young, R.M., Sonksen, P.H., & Karkazis K. (2014). Sex, Health and Athletes. BMJ, 348. Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/6984843/Sex_health_and_athletes
33 Narran, A. (2015, October 14). The Right Not To Be Mutilated: Intersex People and The Quest For Justice. Retrieved from http://jurist.org/hotline/2015/10/arvind-narrain-intersex-justice.php
34 World Health Organization. (2008). Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation: An interagency statement. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/csw52/statements_missions/Interagency_Statement_on_Eliminating_FGM.pdf
35 Human Rights Watch. (2011, November 10). Sterilization of Women and Girls with Disabilities: A Briefing Paper. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/11/10/sterilization-women-and-girls-disabilities
36 General Assembly of the Organization of American States. (2013, June 6). AG/RES. 2807 Human Rights, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity and Expression. Retrieved from http://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/docs/AG-RES_2807_ XLIII-O-13.pdf
37 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. (2015). Violence Against LGBTI Persons in America. Retrieved from http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/informes/pdfs/ViolenciaPersonasLGBTI.pdf
38 Concluding Observations of the Committee Against Torture: Germany. (2011, December 12). Retrieved from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/co/CAT.C.DEU.CO.5_en.pdf
39 Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. (2015, May 13). Concluding observations on the initial report of Germany. Retrieved from http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G15/096/31/PDF/G1509631.pdf?OpenElement
40 Council of the European Union. (2013, June 24). Guidelines to Promote and Protect the Enjoyment of All Human Rights by Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex Persons (LGBTI). Retrieved from http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/foraff/137584.pdf
41 Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs. (2014, January 8). Motion for a European Parliament Resolution on the EU Roadmap against homophobia and discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/csw/csw52/statements_missions/Interagency_Statement_on_Eliminating_FGM.pdf
42 Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights. (2015, May 12). Human Rights and Intersex People. Retrieved from https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?p=&Ref=CommDH/IssuePaper(2015)1&Language=lanAll&Ver=original&direct =true
43 European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2015, April). The Fundamental Rights Situation of Intersex People. Retrieved from http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2015-focus-04-intersex.pdf
44 Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2011, November 17). Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Discrimination/A.HRC.19.41_English.pdf
45 Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. (2013). Resolution 1952: Children’s Right to Physical Integrity. Retrieved from http://www.assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=20174&lang=en
46 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (2014, May 30). Statement by Navi Pillay United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the occasion of the presentation of the ILGA “LGBTI Friend of the Year” award and 2014 State-Sponsored Homophobia report and the Panel on International Human Rights Law and Sexual Orientation. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=14654&LangID=E
47 Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2015, February 26). Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of Switzerland. CRC/C/CHE/CO/2-4; (2015, October 30). Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Chile. CRC/C/CHL/CO/4-5; (2016, January 29). Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth periodic reports of Ireland. CRC/C/IRL/CO/3-4; (2016, January 29). Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of France. CRC/C/FRA/CO/5. Retrieved from http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx?Lang=en&TreatyID=5&DocTypeID=5
48 World Health Organization. (2014, May). Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization: an interagency statement. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/gender_rights/eliminating-forced-sterilization/en/
49 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (2015, September 25). A Step forward for Intersex Visibility. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/Astepforwardforintersexvisibility.aspx
50 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (2015, September 15). Opening Statement by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein at the 30th session of the Human Rights Council. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=16414&LangID=E
51 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (2015, September 25). A Step forward for Intersex Visibility. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/Astepforwardforintersexvisibility.aspx
52 UN Human Rights Council. (2013, February 1). Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Juan E. Méndez. A/HRC/22/53. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A.HRC.22.53_English.pdf?utm_ source=AIC+mailing+list&utm_campaign=0940e5a7fc- &utm_medium=email
53 Parliament of Malta. (2015, April 14). Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act. Retrieved from http://justiceservices.gov.mt/DownloadDocument.aspx?app=lom&itemid=12312&l=1
54 Organisation Intersex International Australia Limited. (2016, January 11). Chilean Ministry of Health issues instructions stopping “normalizing” interventions on intersex children. Retrieved from https://oii.org.au/30250/chilean-ministry-stops-normalising/
55 High Court of Kenya at Nairobi, Constitutional and Human Rights Division. (2013). Petition No. 266 of 2013. Retrieved from http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/104234/
56 International Commission of Jurists. (2008, February 6). SOGI Casebook Archive: In re Völling, Regional Court Cologne, Germany. Retrieved from http://www.icj.org/sogicasebook/in-re-volling-regional-court-cologne-germany-6-february-2008/
57 Committee against Torture. (2011, December 12). Concluding observations of the Committee against Torture: Germany. Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f1d5f582.htmll
58 German Ethics Council. (2012, February 23). Press Release: Intersex people should be recognized, supported and protected from discrimination. Retrieved from http://www.ethikrat.org/files/press-release-2012-01.pdf
59 Mouratian, P. (2015). Instituto Nacional contra la Discriminación, la Xenofobia y el Racismo – INADI Documento temático INADI: Intersexualidad . 1a ed. Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Instituto Nacional contra la Discriminación, la Xenofobia y el Racismo. Retrieved from http://inadi.gob.ar/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/intersexualidad.pdf
60 Cabral, M. (2009). Interdicciones – Escrituras de la Intersexualidad en Castellano. Córdoba: Mulabi. Retrieved from http://www.mulabi.org/Interdicciones2.pdf
61 Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics. (2012, November). On the management of differences of sex development: Ethical issues relating to “intersexuality”. Retrieved from http://www.nek-cne.ch/fileadmin/nek-cne-dateien/Themen/Stellungnahmen/en/NEK_Intersexualitaet_En.pdf
62 OII-USA. (2015). OII-USA’s Dana Zzyym Sues U.S. State Department for the Rights to be Legally Recognized as a Non-binary Intersex Person. Retrieved from http://oii-usa.org/2899/oii-usas-dana-zzyym-sues-u-s-state-department-for-the-right-to-be-legally-recognized-as-a-non-binary-intersex-person/
63 Global Action for Trans* Equality. (2014, September). Intersex Issues in the International Classification of Diseases: a revision. Retrieved from http://transactivists.org/2015/10/26/intersex-issues-in-the-international-classification-of-diseases-icd/
64 Eisfeld, J., Gunther, S., & Shlasko, D. (2013). The State of Trans* and Intersex Organizing: A case for increased support for growing but under-funded movements for human rights. New York: Global Action for Trans* Equality and American Jewish World Service. Retrieved from https://ajws.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/ajws_trans-intersex-funding-report.pdf
65 Mokoena Nthabiseng. (2015, October 22). Remembering Sally, and the intersex movement in South Africa. Retrieved from http://intersexday.org/en/remembering-sally-south-africa/
66 ibid.
67 Information about the Intersex Human Rights Fund’s grantees can be found at http://astraeaintersexfund.tumblr.com/. A list of resources, many of which are referenced in this report, is available on the Astraea Foundation’s website at http://www.astraeafoundation.org/uploads/IntersexResources.pdf and on grantee partners’ websites.